I've had another look at the java settings and tried the solution with the security settings.
But in my case it only works when I set the
Perform certificate revocation checks on: Do not check (not recommended)
The other setting
Perform certificate revocation checks on: All certificates in the chain of trust
Check for certificate revocation using: Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP)
Had no effect in my case.
Any other hints on what I can do to resolve this, because my current fix does not seem to be recommended
But at least the users can work again.